![]() ![]() There have been at least three main peace agreements between the government and different insurgent groups over history, but none have delivered a sustainable peace yet.Ĭonflict and instability – insurgent groups and drivers Insurgent groups More than 150,000 have been estimated to have been killed in conflicts in Central and Western Mindanao over the past five decades. The Philippines is in the midst of a “human rights crisis” following President Duterte’s election in 2016 and the initiation of his war on drugs (Human Rights Watch (HRW), 2018). In the current day, the main types of violence and conflict include violence by state actors against civilians clan-related violence political and armed conflicts by nationalist/separatist groups in Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago a communist-inspired guerrilla campaign (mainly in western Mindanao) violent extremist and criminal groups anti-drug vigilantes other criminal violence domestic and gender-based violence protests violence around elections and local conflicts over resources and community rights. The current situation is complex and dynamic, with an “increasingly fragmented array of violent extremist organizations” (TNC, 2019). The conflict has been a longstanding feature of the Philippines, with two long-running insurgencies, and a number of other types of conflict and violence. ![]() This rapid literature review examines the main conflict and instability drivers in the Philippines. ![]()
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